Figure 1. Nomenclature
MGMM = maternal grandmother’s mother; MGMF = maternal grandmother’s father. MGFM = maternal grandfather’s mother; MGFF = maternal grandfather’s father. PGMM = paternal grandmother’s mother; PGMF = paternal grandmother’s father. PGFM = paternal grandfather’s mother; PGFF = paternal grandfather’s father; MGM = maternal grandmother; MGF = maternal grandfather; PGM = paternal grandmother; PGF = paternal grandfather; M = mother; F = father.
Table: Summary of sex specific differences concerning the associations between grandmother smoking during pregnancy and adjusted outcomes to the grandchild (adapted from Golding et al 2021)
| Grandmother | Grandchild outcome | Grandson | Granddaughter |
| Maternal (MGM) | Fetal growth | Greater | – |
| Lean mass | Greater | – | |
| Strength and fitness | Greater | – | |
| Autistic traits | – | Increased | |
| Myopia by 7 | Greatly reduced | Reduced | |
| Sensitivity to noise | More sensitive | Less sensitive | |
| Paternal (PGM) | Height | – | Taller |
| Fat mass | – | Increased | |
| Verbal IQ | Reduced | – | |
| Persistent wheeze | – | Greater | |
| Diagnosed asthma | – | Greater | |
| Extreme taster | – | Greater | |
| Religious belief | – | Reduced | |